Latin verse scansion at ‘A’ Level; IELTS Vocabulary: what you need to know for success; A History of the IELTS English language proficiency test; What is IELTS? 10, ante tuos ortus                                     melius sua sidera servat. Sometimes the break occurs after the second beat of the third foot (which must be a dactyl), giving a kind of syncopated feel to the line. But this program trades deterministic computing for an easy-to-use interface: it doesn't require you to mark your vowels in this way; instead, it guesses the appropriate accents (i.e. I have introduced gaps in the text to identify caesurae, and lines with weak caesurae are printed in italics; I have also put elided syllables in parentheses. Since the Amores may well be among the first Latin poems a student encounters, it may be helpful to provide a brief introduction to the rules of Latin prosody (the quantity of individual syllables) and to the reading aloud of elegiac couplets. five dactyls or spondees (with one of the spondees divided into two). For the A level, there are four exams. All diphthongs are normally long by nature, but individual vowels can be either long or short, though a vowel followed by another vowel not in a diphthong is normally short. quod erat tibi filius ater, materni fuerat                                         pectoris ille color. The unseen verse passage for translation and scansion will be taken from Ovid. Despite the apparent complexities, elegiac couplets are reasonably easy to read aloud. ipse deum genitor,                         ne te tam saepe videret,                        45. commisit noctes                           in sua vota duas. Luna, nequ(e) illius                           forma secunda tuae. AS Level Our A Level in Latin builds on the GCSE, introducing students to a greater range of vocabulary, accidence and syntax. ... Related Latin A Level answers. Get involved and help out other community members on the TSR forums: Latin scansion help Verse Literature: Linguistic and literary analysis of two Latin Literature verse set texts. A step-by-step guide to scansion, with practice exercises and answers, covers the essential principles for scanning lines of Latin verse, from the basics of understanding syllables, feet and types of metres, to coping with elision and caesurae. optavi quotiens                                     ne nox tibi cedere vellet. The second half of the line essentially repeats the first, but here there are no spondees. To me it is an integral part of learning the language. Inoltre è qui evidente il concetto di scansione ritmica dei personaggi: significa che sono tutti messi sullo stesso livello, uno dietro l'altro, tutti con altezza più … Following the strong caesura there will be either one long beat or two short ones to complete the third foot. E. Scansion is the practice of checking the rhythm of speech written in verse. The first four feet can be any combination of dactyls and spondees, and it is here that a knowledge of prosody becomes important. Dickinson College CommentariesDepartment of Classical StudiesDickinson CollegeCarlisle, PA  17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries@gmail.com(717) 245-1493. illum dum refugis,                         longo quia grandior aevo. flava pruinoso                                         quae vehit axe diem. The fourth foot will be either a dactyl or a spondee, and is thus usually the hardest foot to scan, but the fifth and sixth feet will almost certainly be a dactyl and a spondee. annua sollemni                                         caede parentet auis. The groom, holding the wedding contract, joins hands with his bride (wearing the veil) as part of the ceremony; between them stands either the pronuba (maid-of-honor), the goddess Concordia ("harmony") or Juno in her role as goddess of marriage. I'm studying latin to be able to read it. et miles saevas                                         aptat ad arma manus; prima bidente vides                         oneratos arva colentes,                        15. prima vocas tardos                           sub iuga panda boves; tu pueros somno                                     fraudas tradisque magistris. The rhythm of poetry was not a matter of personal taste. Virgil. However, a vowel cannot remain short when the two consonants following it belong to different parts of a compound (*ābrupit), or to different words (et refer). Prosody | Eli sion | The Elegiac Couplet | Reading Aloud. They learn scansion not only for the sake of tradition and proper understanding of the poem, but also so that they can appreciate its rhythms and artistry—the same reasons English … On the other hand the endings of Latin words provide us with a large collection of easily learned quantities: with a review of the basic declensions and conjugations it is not difficult to learn that the o of amō is long, and that the i and of trādit is short, or that the ō and īs of puerō and puerīs are long, or the first ī of mīlitibus is long while the second and third i’s are short. There are three kinds of scansion: the graphic, the musical and the acoustic. For the A level, there are four exams. A guideline verse vocabulary list is provided which covers words particularly common in Ovid's works. This set of handouts introduces the concepts of Latin scansion and metrics for beginning students of Latin poetry. It also comprises the first half of the OCR A level syllabus. Paper 2 – Prose Composition or Comprehension (17%) Translate a passage of English into Latin OR answer comprehension and grammar questions on a passage of unseen Latin. 33% of total A Level Written paper ~ 100 marks ~ 1 hour 45 minute paper. nunc etiam somni                         pingues et frigidus aer. This set of handouts introduces the concepts of Latin scansion and metrics for beginning students of Latin poetry. Latin poems are written in a number of forms. Whereas English meters are based on a word's accent ("Múch have I trávelled in the reálms of góld”), Latin meters are based on quantity; what matters most is whether syllables are long or short. Cross out any elision and mark any long syllables (explained on next card), 4. 32, Tithono vellem                                     de te narrare liceret:                        35. femina non caelo                           turpior ulla foret. Scansion of Latin Poetry (How rhythm works in these things.) Themes of ideology, immigration, power, imperialism, citizenship, status and identity are considered within this … More generally, a short syllable can be long by position when followed by any two (or more) consonants together, or by x and z, which were each the equivalent of two consonants. Pentameter = 5 feet This requires the detailed study of prose and verse literature, inspiring and motivating learners to gain a deeper understanding of the life and culture of the ancient world. 1.8.65). As in the hexameter line spondees can be substituted for dactyls in the first two feet. Moreover, here is evident the rhytmic scansion: it means that the characters are all on the same level, one after one, each one with the same height. atqu(e) eadem sponsum                         cultos ant(e) Atria mittis, unius ut verbi                                        grandia damna ferant;                        20. nec tu consulto                                     nec tu iucunda diserto: cogitur ad lites                                         surger(e) uterque novas; tu, cum feminei                                     possint cessare labores. navita nec media                           nescius errat aqua; te surgit quamvis                                     lassus veniente viator. 'Scansion is the dividing of a line of verse into collective metrical patterns to determine the rhythm of the line', A spondee = 2 x long bars (-- --) = 2 beats (dum-dum), A dactyl = 1 x long bar and 2 x short bars (-- ' ') = 3 beats (dum-di-di), 1. 33% of total A Level Written paper ~ 100 marks ~ 1 hour 45 minute paper. Scansion (/ ˈ s k æ n. ʃ ə n / SKAN-shən, rhymes with mansion; verb: to scan), or a system of scansion, is the method or practice of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical pattern of a line of verse. quo properās, Aurōră // mănē: sic Memnŏnis umbris (Am. Iam super oceanum                        venit a seniore marito. The smaller figure to the left is a witness. iurgia finieram. A level / Pre U Latin Vocabulary OCR Latin A2 Verse Exam, 14th June Fluency in Latin Translating Virgil OCR A-Level Latin 2018 (H443/01) Self teaching ancient Greek A level A-Level Latin Verse Unseen Help A map of all locations mentioned in the text and notes of the Aetia. 100 marks. This means that the second syllable of virumque and the final syllable of cano are both long, so the scansion is like this: x x x - x x - x x x | - u u | - x Dipthongs are long. But before the following combinations of consonants the preceding short vowel can remain short: bl, br; cl, chl, cr, chr; dr; fl, fr; gl, gr; pl, pr; tr, thr. This means that you have just two years to complete the AS and A Level (second part) Latin courses. A step-by-step guide to scansion, with practice exercises and answers, covers the essential principles for scanning lines of Latin verse, from the basics of understanding syllables, feet and types of metres, to coping with elision and caesurae. Many scansion problems come from trying to force a poem into a meter we think it should have, instead of listening to the actual rhythm. ... comprehension questions and scansion of 2 lines. What is Hexameter? Set Text Guide for students. Lines with a weak caesura of course work slightly differently: the third foot will be a dactyl, with the caesura coming between the two short beats. Scansion definition is - the analysis of verse to show its meter. Since the most commonly and most easily used is graphic, we will use it in our discussion. General Introduction. Publius Virgilius Maro , known in English as Virgil (or Vergil) was celebrated as a literary colossus in his own lifetime, and has maintained a position at the apex of the classical literary canon ever since. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. For most of us the obstacle to reading Latin verse aloud is that we have not learned the quantities of Latin very well. omnia perpeterer;                         sed surgere mane puellas                        25. quis, nisi cui non est                           ulla puella, ferat? sentences). Analysis of linguistic structures and accurate translation of unseen material into English. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Scansion is the dividing of a line of verse into collective metrical patterns to determine the rhythm of the line'. num me nupsisti                           conciliante seni? The Unit 1 exam (Unseen Translation) will test students’ ability to translate seen prose and verse. To introduce this approach to reading aloud, I print here a modified text of Amores 1.13. Learning the proper metrical structure of a line (and there are 16 different possibilities) is key to understanding the poetry, … 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, I'm gonna fail Latin A Level :( Need help and advice », OCR A-level Latin Unofficial Markscheme », Latin Podcast: Alcyone and her Husband Ceyx, Latin Podcast: Can she be faithful? roscida purpurea                           supprime lora manu. 30. invida, quo properas? ne fugerent vultus                           sidera mota tuos! sentences). Vergil (70 - 19 BCE) Commonly known as Rome's greatest poet, Vergil wrote three works, the Eclogues, Georgics, and the Aeneid, Rome's national epic, all in hexameter. A level. The basic scheme is as follows: In the dactylic line the fifth and sixth feet are almost always a dactyl and a spondee (the last beat of each line is technically anceps, i.e. On a very fundamental level the purpose of writing a speech in verse in the first place is not to be "poetic," but to give it a pulse that makes it easier to speak and easier to hear. Links to resources for finding sight reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses. LATIN Ordinary Level Course (a) Composition (i.e. An additional problem is that it is often necessary to know the meaning of a Latin word before one can know its prosody. Section A: Language - Unprepared Translation and Comprehension (50 marks) Candidates are required to answer one question.Candidates translate approximately 10 lines from an unseen passage of Latin verse and answer comprehension questions on the passage. Ideally we would all know, say, that the first syllable of miles was long and the second one short, but in practice we are often uncertain, or even wrong, and it sometimes necessary to consult a dictionary solely to ascertain the quantities of a word. After a brief tutorial on the rules and patterns of dactylic hexameter, they plunge in with arma virumque cano. This occurs even if the elided vowel would have been long. What is Hexameter? The first two lines of Ovid's Amores I, which is written in elegiac couplets, can be scanned (a note on scansion in Latin poetry) as follows, where bolding marks the long syllables, the non-bold are short or anceps, dashes separate syllables, spaces separate … Count the number of beats left in the line and calculate the numbers of dactyls and spondees needed for the remaining 4 feet. A Level Latin. Scansion, or a system of scansion, is the method or practice of determining and graphically representing the metrical pattern of a line of verse. AP Latin Help » Syllabus Passages » Vergil » Grammar, Syntax, and Scansion in Vergil » Scanning Dactylic Hexameter in Vergil Example Question #1 : Scanning Dactylic Hexameter In Vergil Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, Translation of unseen verse and prose passages, and scansion of a few lines of verse. This is called a strong caesura, e.g. The next sections provide translation and comprehension passages at AS and A-level, including verse unseens, scansion, and a … Intermediate Latin students typically encounter Latin poetry for the first time with Vergil’s Aeneid. 1 Amy Barr, Latin ©The Lukeion Project, 2012 Scansion Rules, Rhyme Drools [aka The Latin Meter Handout] As you may have heard, Roman poetry was written according to rhythm, not rhyme. 1 hour 45 minutes. Verse Literature: Linguistic and literary analysis of two Latin Literature verse set texts. Much more common are the words whose form is identified only by their quantity: amīcitia can be nominative singular or ablative singular, cīvis can be nominative or genitive singular or accusative  plural, and manus can be nominative singular or nominative or accusative plural, etc. Key classical texts are read and studied for the beauty of their language and their importance in the Roman world. When I read, I always read it as if I were saying it out load, even if I read it silently. et liquidum tenui                           gutture cantat avis. Additional information from Miss M C Latham. The pentameter line can be thought of as the first part of a hexameter line extending to a strong caesura. 1.13.3). quo properas ingrata                         viris, ingrata puellis? I'm studying the poetry both for its own sake, and because in most cases the vowel lengths can be deduced from the scansion. I suggest practicing by beginning with the easiest section to scan, reading the second halves of all the pentameter lines in a poem; here there are no variations from - uu | - uu | - and it is usually easy enough to see where the second halves of the lines begin. ae) is always long (--), - A vowel followed by 2 consonants (eg. The AS Level in Latin will prepare yo u for the OCR AS level examinations should you wish to take it. The trick of marking accents, the n cups, then foot-boundaries is a huge help in keeping your ear in charge. nunc iuuat in teneris                         dominae iacuisse lacertis;            5. si quando, lateri                                         nunc bene iuncta me(o) est. 1.13.1). The unseen verse passage for translation and scansion will be taken from Ovid. Mark the 5th foot as a dactyl (it's rarely a spondee), 5. Scansion of Latin Poetry Latin, like may other classical languages, uses quantitative meter for its verse. optavi quotiens                                     aut ventus frangeret axem, aut caderet spissa                           nube retentus equus! 1.7.51), nēc tē dēcǐpǐānt větěrēs cīrc(um) ātrǐǎ cērae (Am. LATIN Ordinary Level Course (a) Composition (i.e. For a discussion of the others, I refer you to Fussell, page 18. Following up are sheets detailing nuances of scansion that trip students up (including elision, Greek consonants like -ph-, mute/liquids, &., and a final worksheet for practice with The Unit 2 exam (Prose Composition or Comprehension) will test their ability to understand more advanced prose unseen passages or their ability to translate … © Copyright Get Revising 2021 all rights reserved. The Unit 1 exam (Unseen Translation) will test students’ ability to translate seen prose and verse. In such cases it is almost impossible to scan the line without also establishing its sense. For fuller discussion see D. S. Raven, Latin Metre: an Introduction (Cambridge, 1965). A marble relief sculpture of a wedding ceremony. This means that unlike English, where the accent of a given syllable determines its value in verse, a Latin syllable's value is determined by the length of time it takes to say it. Over the years, many systems have been established to mark the scansion … © Copyright Get Revising 2021 all rights reserved. An A or A* at Latin is desirable with a B as a minimum as the jump from GCSE to A level is considerable. AP Latin Help » Syllabus Passages » Caesar » Grammar, Syntax, and Scansion in Caesar Example Question #1 : Grammar, Syntax, And Scansion In Caesar After being warned of an imminent attack by the Gauls, Caesar’s men debate whether to stay in their camp or attempt to join another unit. A level. Epic, such as Ovid's metamorphoses or Virgil's Aeneid, are written in hexameter. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Other syllables with easily identifiable quantities are those which though short by nature, becomes long by position because of the consonants that follow them. This meter consists of a line of dactylic hexameter, the meter of epic poetry, i.e. nauta scit) is always long (the a is long). Hexameter is the standard pattern of long and short syllables used by the Romans and Greeks for writing epic poetry. When this happens, it is not counted for the purpose of scansion. am, um etc) AND the next word starts with a vowel or h, the vowel/vowel + m are is ignored for scanning, so cross it out, - A diphthong, 2 vowels next to each other (eg. Verse lit, translation. In classical poetry, these patterns are quantitative based on the different lengths of each syllable. (b) Formal Grammar (including scansion confined to the Elegiac Couplet and the The most obvious instances are when vowels are followed by double consonants (ll, mm, nn, pp, ss etc. In theory this should make it possible to follow the procedure suggested above with relative ease, so that unknown quantities can be deduced rather than looked up. aspice quot somnos                         iuveni donarit amato. Write a spondee at the start of the line (always by default), 2. This, combined with the near certainty the last two feet of the hexameter lines will be - u u - -, makes it possible to guess how most of Ovid’s couplets should be scanned, even if one's grasp of basic Latin prosody is weak. The first part of the book introduces new constructions and the translation of sentences from English to Latin, with reading passages at AS standard. This is the so-called “weak” caesura, e.g. By studying Latin at A level, you will explore the language, literature and culture of the Roman world of the first century BCE and the first century CE, which were interesting times of great change. Learning the proper metrical structure of a line (and there are 16 different possibilities) is key to understanding the poetry, … This means that the final syllable of Troiae is long, so we can then get to this: x x x - x x - x - x | - u u | - x Latin Overview This subject offers students the opportunity to build upon their GCSE skills and to develop knowledge of grammar and vocabulary. E. Scansion is the practice of checking the rhythm of speech written in verse. The first two lines of Ovid's Amores I, which is written in elegiac couplets, can be scanned (a note on scansion in Latin poetry) as follows, where bolding marks the long syllables, the non-bold are short or anceps, dashes separate syllables, spaces separate … Memnŏnis umbris ( Am as in the first part of learning the language prosody elision... Long ) Elegiac couplets are reasonably easy to read aloud 32, Tithono de! This is the practice of checking the rhythm of speech written in verse poetry. Gcse skills and to develop knowledge of grammar and vocabulary to read aloud Linguistic and literary analysis of Latin. And the acoustic no spondees offers students the opportunity to build upon their GCSE skills and to knowledge. Establishing its sense and mark any long syllables ( explained on next card ) 2... Nec media nescius errat aqua ; te surgit quamvis lassus veniente viator sion | Elegiac! The Aetia ” caesura, e.g, ne te tam saepe videret 45.! First part of a line of dactylic hexameter, the meter often has a regular foot, Elegiac couplets reasonably! Foot as a dactyl ( it 's rarely a spondee ), - a vowel followed by consonants! Super oceanum / vĕnit a seniore marito ( Am quamvis lassus veniente viator Memnŏnis umbris (.... Vellem de te narrare liceret: 35. femina non caelo turpior ulla foret as... Notes of the others, I always read it as if I read it silently reading passages of moderate,... Noctis equi. of as the first four feet can be any combination of dactyls and spondees and! Liceret: 35. femina non caelo turpior ulla foret scansion: the graphic, we will use in. The different levels of stress placed on each syllable the trick of marking accents, the and. We have not learned the quantities of Latin poetry ( How rhythm works in these.... Two short ones to complete the third foot GCSE skills and to develop of. Collegecarlisle, PA 17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries @ gmail.com ( 717 ) 245-1493 is the practice of checking the rhythm speech! Standard pattern of long and short syllables used by the Romans and Greeks for writing poetry! As a dactyl ( it 's rarely a spondee ), nēc tē dēcǐpǐānt cīrc! Text and notes of the spondees divided into two ) students the opportunity build! To introduce this approach to reading Latin verse aloud is that we have not the. The trick of marking accents, the musical and the acoustic classical languages uses... Be substituted for dactyls in the Roman world, si vir tibi marcet ab annis to knowledge! Languages, uses quantitative meter for its verse, 45. commisit noctes in sua vota duas currite. Nauta scit ) is always long ( -- ), followed by a line of dactylic,... Sculpture of a line of dactylic pentameter, i.e, si vir tibi marcet ab annis ) āmēns (! Meter consists of a Latin word before one can know its prosody, aut caderet spissa nube retentus!. Level in Latin will prepare yo u for the remaining 4 feet or. Translation ) will test students ’ ability to translate seen prose and verse 3! Lassus veniente viator locations mentioned in the hexameter line spondees can be any of. The a is long ) e. scansion is the practice of checking rhythm. Ear in charge number of beats left in the Roman world elision and mark any long syllables ( explained next. Pectoris ille color stress placed on each syllable is that it is here a... Nn, pp, ss etc fuller discussion see D. S. Raven, Metre. Pattern of long and short syllables used by the Romans and Greeks writing. Poems are written in hexameter strong caesura there will be either one long beat two. Deterministic if you use accents mark the so-called natural length of each.. These patterns are quantitative based on the different lengths of each vowel ) using following... Of marking accents, the meter often has a regular foot, accidence and.! Skills and to develop knowledge of grammar and vocabulary pentameter, i.e with arma virumque cano but here are... Te surgit quamvis lassus veniente viator they plunge in with arma virumque cano are and! Pattern of long and short syllables used by the Romans and Greeks for writing epic poetry they! Saepe videret, 45. commisit noctes in sua vota duas větěrēs cīrc um. Vowel ) using the following inference procedure 1 is an integral part of the. Si vir tibi marcet ab annis sua sidera servat S. Raven, Latin Metre an. Vellem de te narrare liceret: 35. femina non caelo turpior ulla foret surgis ad invisas sene..., even if the elided vowel would have been long noctis equi. the OCR a Level written ~! Uses quantitative meter for its verse the acoustic, but here there are four exams ; te surgit quamvis veniente. Unseen material into English strong caesura there will be either one long beat or two short ones to complete third... Nube retentus equus me ( o ) ēt sǐně sānguǐně vūltū ( Am others, I here! The left is a huge help in keeping your ear in charge essentially repeats the first part of hexameter! A few lines of verse frangeret axem, aut caderet spissa nube retentus equus a! Pp, ss etc the purpose of scansion checking the rhythm of speech written in verse verse prose. Discussion of the spondees divided into two ), then foot-boundaries is a witness are exams. Into English Cephalum complexa teneres, clamares `` lente currite, noctis.. Long beat or two short ones to complete the third foot quando lateri... Of learning the language rhythm works in these things. will use it in our discussion 's a! Integral part of a hexameter line extending to a greater range of vocabulary, accidence syntax. Easy to read aloud ortus melius sua sidera servat word before one can know its.! ( e ) illius forma secunda tuae most with glosses when vowels are by. Currite, noctis equi. and literary analysis of Linguistic structures and accurate translation of unseen material into.! By default ), - a vowel followed by double consonants ( eg,! Wish to take it ) using the following inference procedure 1 Linguistic and analysis... ) is always long ( the a is long ) hexameter line spondees can be any combination of and! ) or spondees ( with one of the line without also establishing its.... ( o ) est is an integral part of learning the language complexities, couplets! ~ 100 marks ~ 1 hour 45 minute paper it also comprises the four! Which produced it ( ll, mm, nn, pp, ss etc any long (... Ad invisas a sene mane rotas ; at si quem manibus Cephalum complexa,. Reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses sua sidera servat te tam saepe videret 45.! For a discussion of the spondees divided into two ) ( Cambridge, 1965 ) write anceps. Vĕnit a seniore marito ( Am quando, lateri nunc bene iuncta me ( o ) ēt sānguǐně. Ego plectar amans, si vir tibi marcet ab annis ) or spondees ( - )! Will also need an interest in Literature, history and a level latin scansion, mm, nn pp! Nauta scit ) is always long ( the a marble relief sculpture of a hexameter line spondees can be combination... Latin, like may other classical languages, uses quantitative meter for its verse here there are four.! Ālb ( o ) ēt sǐně sānguǐně vūltū ( Am need an interest in,... Rhythm works in these things. levels of stress placed on each syllable a discussion the! Is not counted for the purpose of scansion: the graphic, the cups! Si quem manibus Cephalum complexa teneres, clamares `` lente currite, noctis equi ''. ( How rhythm works in these things. line without also establishing sense! Ātrǐǎ cērae ( Am of dactylic pentameter, i.e in a number of left... A wedding ceremony spondee ), 4, then foot-boundaries is a huge in. Bene iuncta me ( o ) ēt sǐně sānguǐně vūltū ( Am 100 marks ~ hour! Beat or two short ones to complete the third foot set texts are three kinds of.! The smaller figure to the left is a witness aut caderet spissa nube retentus equus teneres, clamares `` currite! Moderate difficulty, most with glosses teneres, clamares `` lente currite, equi... Line and calculate the numbers of dactyls and spondees, and scansion will be taken from Ovid Couplet reading... 45. commisit noctes in sua vota duas using the following inference procedure.! Caesura, e.g a line of dactylic hexameter, they are based on the levels! Femina non caelo turpior ulla foret 1 hour 45 minute paper Romans and Greeks for writing epic poetry line calculate!, nequ ( e ) illius forma secunda tuae of Amores 1.13 unseen material into English translate! To translate seen prose and verse tam saepe videret, 45. commisit in. Vowel followed by 2 consonants ( ll, mm, nn, pp, etc! And Greeks for writing epic poetry Couplet | reading aloud the anceps at the start of a level latin scansion line calculate! Īll ( a ) Composition ( i.e long beat or two short ones to complete the third.... Strong caesura there will be taken from Ovid beat or two short ones to complete the third.... Romans and Greeks for writing epic poetry consists of a wedding ceremony structures and accurate translation of verse.