restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends  Negative Impacts of Monoculture  Cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same oIf a natural disaster were to occur, the whole crop restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends could be wiped out. and stigma  Anther: has pollen sacs with pollen grains which contain WIND DISPERSED SEED ANIMAL DISPERSED SEED the male nucleus (male gamete). Chemistry – 0620.  Small intestine: tube shaped organ composed of two Rectangular Sharp- Blunt for Blunt parts the: shape, sharp pointed for chewing and chewing and o Duodenum: fats are emulsified by bile, and digested for cutting holding and by pancreatic lipase to form fatty acids and glycerol. PAGE 15 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 11.4 Breathing BREATHING OUT 12.2 Anaerobic Respiration BREATHING IN  External intercostal  Release of a relatively small amount of energy by the muscles relax – rib cage breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen. o When cells of top of the root grow faster, they push root deeper into soil and root gets longer. o If left untreated, the disease can travel through  Natural: reproductive tract causing sterility o Abstinence: don’t have sex o Rhythm method: don’t have sex during the fertile  Treatment: period, only during the safe period o Can be cured with penicillin however no immunity  Chemical: 16.18 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) o Progesterone-only pill: pill which affects the uterus and makes implantation difficult  Transmission: Intercourse, blood transfusion, organ o Spermicide: a chemical applied as a gel, cream or transplant or sharing needle with infected person foam which kills sperm.  Nitrifying bacteria convert nitrogen-containing  Primary consumer only gets between 5-10% because substances into better nitrogen-containing substances some parts are indigestible (e.g.  Sex-linked characteristic: a characteristic in which the 18.3 Adaptive Features gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome and that this makes it more common in one sex than in the  Adaptive feature: other oinherited feature that helps an organism to survive and oColour blindness as an example of sex linkage reproduce in its environment othe inherited functional features of an organism that 18. org Updat edt o201 9-21Syl la bus C I EAS -L EV EL B I OLO GY9 70 0 SUMMARI ZEDNOTESON THESYLLABUS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Cell Structure CHAPTER 1 6 Biological Molecules CHAPTER 2 10 Enzymes CHAPTER 3 13 Cell Membrane & Transport CHAPTER 4 15 The Mitotic Cell Cycle CHAPTER 5 17 Nucleic Acid & Protein Synthesis CHAPTER 6 19 Transport in … 16.11 Fertilization  Expulsion: Powerful Contraction pushes baby out. controls the use of corrective mechanisms (e.g. o Central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord, which are the areas of coordination 2. in host o 2 pairs of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals  Two examples of virus structure  Arachnids: (e.g. The cells of the epithelium are folded to form microvilli. from the testes, and is transported by peristalsis along sperm ducts and urethra, where seminal fluid is added to 16.13 Labour and Birth make semen.  The carbon dioxide diffuses through the open stomata of  Inside B, keep NaOH (Sodium hydroxide). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. All Notes; Biology Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms; 2. biceps  They involve three neurones: a sensory neurone, relay and triceps are antagonistic muscles or circular and neurone and motor neurone. DEFORESTATION COMBUSTION OF Decreases  Burning uses up Increases oxygen, and produces  Stationary phase: limiting factors slow growth as FOSSIL FUELS population has reached “carrying capacity” of its carbon dioxide environment; mortality rate = birth rate; curve levels off and fluctuates around this maximum population size. oxygen and carbon dioxide WELL VENTILATED are kept up by regular fresh climate supplies of air CLOSE TO BLOOD Gases can be carried  Test for CO2: Blow CO2 through limewater. PAGE 17 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Motor Neurone: Sensory Neurone:  Reflex action: means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands) 14.4 Synapses  Synapse: a junction between two neurones, consisting of a gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter  Synaptic cleft: small gap between each pair of neurones Relay (connector) neurone:  Inside the neurones axom, there are 100s of tiny vacuoles (vessicles each contain a chemical called neurotransmitter)  When an impulse arrives, the vessicles move to the cell membrane and empty their content into the synaptic cleft  The neurotransmitter quickly diffuses across the tiny gap and attaches to receptor molecules in the cell membrane of the relay neurone  This can happen because the shape of the 14.3 Reflex Arc neurotransmitter molecules is complimentary to the shape of the receptor molecule  A reflex action is an involuntary, quick action to respond  Many drugs e.g. reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 CHAPTER 1 Characteristic & Classification of Living Organisms 4 CHAPTER 2 Organization of the Organism 5 CHAPTER 3 Movement In and Out of Cells 6 CHAPTER 4 Biological Molecules 6 CHAPTER 5 Enzymes 7 CHAPTER 6 Plant Nutrition 9 CHAPTER 7 Human Nutrition 11 CHAPTER 8 Transport in Plants 12 CHAPTER 9 Transport in Animals 14 CHAPTER 10 Diseases & Immunity, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 15 CHAPTER 11 Gas Exchange in Humans 16 CHAPTER 12 Respiration 16 CHAPTER 13 Excretion in Humans 17 CHAPTER 14 Coordination & Response 21 CHAPTER 15 Drugs 22 CHAPTER 16 Reproduction 27 CHAPTER 17 Inheritance 28 CHAPTER 18 Variation & Selection 29 CHAPTER 19 Organisms & their Environment 31 CHAPTER 20 Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering 33 CHAPTER 21 Human Influences on Ecosystems PAGE 2 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 1. Complete AS and A level Biology Past Papers Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. Free summarized revision notes for international examination boards written for students, by students. GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS 11.1 Gas Exchange REASON INSPIRED AIR EXPIRED AIR Short distance to diffuse PROPERTY OF SURFACE Many molecules can diffuse  21% oxygen  18% oxygen THIN (ONE CELL THICK) at once  0.04% carbon dioxide  3% carbon dioxide LARGE SURFACE AREA Cells die if not kept moist  78% nitrogen  78% nitrogen MOIST Concentration gradients for  Water vapour varies to  Saturated water vapour.