(2005) "Lithium and Lithium Compounds" in. of H2). [2], Lithium oxide forms along with small amounts of lithium peroxide when lithium metal is burned in the air and combines with oxygen:[3], Pure Li2O can be produced by the thermal decomposition of lithium peroxide, Li2O2, at 450 °C[3], Solid lithium oxide adopts an antifluorite structure with four-coordinated Li+ centers and eight-coordinated oxides.[4]. Experimental Results Behaves as a typical oxide, reacts vigorously with water (formed alkaline solution), acids, metals, acid oxides, absorbs CO 2 from air. White, hygroscopic, refractory, when heated, does not decompose. 4Li(s) + O 2 (g) 2Li 2 O(s) Sodium. The peroxides (Li 2 O 2 and Na 2 O 2 ) can be made by passing oxygen through a liquid- ammonia solution of the alkali metal, although sodium peroxide is made commercially by oxidation of sodium monoxide with oxygen. Due to its reactivity with air and water, it is usually kept in paraffin wax. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations of lithium oxide, Li2O, an important material for fusion applications over a wide range of temperatures have been performed. The Ionic Bond formation for Lithium Oxide.. Lithium is in group 1 of the periodic table. This invention relates to the treatment of aluminum-lithium alloys prior to heat treatment thereof and is particularly directed to a method of preventing lithium oxide formation in aluminum-lithium alloys during high temperature processing, e.g., solution heat treating, by application of a metal plate which can be readily removed following such processing. Decomposition of lithium carbonate with formation of lithium oxide in the flow of a high-temperature heat carrier studied. Lithium oxide reacts with water and vapor, forming lithium hydroxide and must be isolated from them. 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O (t > 200°C, impurity Li2O2). Lithium Cobalt Oxide – LiCoO 2; Lithium Manganese Oxide – LiMn 2 O 4; Anode (Negative electrode) Material Examples. Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are promising next-generation high-energy-density energy storage systems. The most important commercial form is lithium carbonate, Li 2 CO 3 , Produced from minerals or brines by several different processes.. Only 21% consists of oxygen. Behaves as a typical oxide, reacts vigorously with water (formed alkaline solution), acids, metals, acid oxides, absorbs CO2 from air. Phys. Lithium is used commercially in various ways. Li2O + SiO2 = Li2SiO3 (1200-1300°C). At high heat, lithium oxide emits a very detectable spectral pattern, which increases in intensity along with degradation of the coating. Reacts with acids, metals and non-metals, their oxides. Li 2 Or it will be exposed to high temp… A lithium atom will lose 1 electron to form a stable 1 + ion.. It is a better absorbent than other lithium ceramics. Lithium oxide (Li2O2) ∆fH° Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol ∆fG° Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol S° Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K Cp Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). Its usage is also being investigated for non-destructive emission spectroscopy evaluation and degradation monitoring within thermal barrier coating systems. (i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. Positive electrodes including a lithium nickel cobalt metal oxide are disclosed. [2] Lithium is in group 1 of the periodic table. The most recent publicly reported resource figures for Greenbushes date from September 2012, when Talison Lithium Ltd (prior to its acquisition), reported combined Measured and Indicated Resources of 118.4 million tonnes (Mt) grading 2.4% lithium oxide (Li 2 O), containing Proved and Probable reserves of 61.5 Mt grading 2.8% Li 2 O. ∆fH° Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol ∆fG° Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol S° Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K Cp Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). Depending on the period of the metal, a different type of oxide is formed when the metal is burned. Lithium oxide, Li2O, which forms by spontaneous combination of the elements, is a common contaminant in lithium and has a deleterious effect on alloys and ceramics(") that are being considered in the design of fusion reactors. is to synthesize the lithium metal oxide nanoparticles via the induction thermal plasma and to investigate the formation mechanism of lithium-metal oxide nanoparticles. The ground state gas phase Li2O molecule is linear with a bond length consistent with strong ionic bonding. The oxide reacts slowly with water forming lithium hydroxide: Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH There is no reaction with oxygen at high temperature or high pressure to form any peroxide or higher oxide. 114, 2871 (2001); DTXSID90923799 DTXSID10893208, DTXSID90923799, Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium_oxide&oldid=997530413, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 00:03. Most of the air is about 78% nitrogen gas. 3 The rate of diffusion of the nickel inward, however, was much slower than the iron outward. 2LiOH = Li2O + H2O (800-1000°C, in the atm. H 2 O. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations of lithium oxide, Li2O, an important material for fusion applications over a wide range of temperatures have been performed. Implementation would allow in situ monitoring of such systems, enabling an efficient means to predict lifetime until failure or necessary maintenance. In experiments, the lithium carbonate conversion into lithium oxide exceeds 70% perpass. If I'm wrong, then is the oxygen gas suppose to be peroxide (O2 with a -2 charge)? The Type I dendrites were primarily lithium metal with a trace amount of lithium oxide (Li 2 O) containing appreciable oxygen content. Results and Discussion 2.1. Although not specifically important, many materials are assessed on the basis of their Li 2 O content. When cut, it possesses a silvery-white color that quickly changes to gray as it oxidizes to lithium oxide. The results of measurements show that the proposed method for producing lithium oxide is promising. Lithium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Li 2 S.It crystallizes in the antifluorite motif, described as the salt (Li +) 2 S 2−.It forms a solid yellow-white deliquescent powder. Results show that Li 2 O can be used for CO 2 retention. The composition of Type II dendrites unexpectedly had lithium hydride (LiH) rather than lithium metal, evidenced by a 13.6 eV shoulder peak in the hydrogen K‐edge low‐loss EELS spectra. Pure Li 2 O can be produced by the thermal decomposition of lithium peroxide, Li 2 O 2, at 450 °C. Lithium oxide (Li2O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound. Lithium metal goes into alloys with magnesium and aluminium, and it improves their strength while making them lighter. Abstract: Lithium oxide composite nanoparticles with refractory metal were successfully synthesized by induction thermal plasmas. Lithium oxide is used as a flux in ceramic glazes; and creates blues with copper and pinks with cobalt. @article{osti_10106827, title = {Lithiated oxides for lithium-ion batteries}, author = {Thackeray, M M}, abstractNote = {Rechargeable lithium batteries that can be assembled in the discharged state with lithiated metal oxide cathodes and carbon anodes are being developed to minimize the safety hazards associated with batteries that use pure metallic lithium anodes. It leads to the formation of more stable Li2 You get a mixture of lithium oxide and lithium nitride. Lithium oxide (Li 2 O) with its high tritium potential is an attractive candidate for the solid culture material of a DT fusion power plant because of its high lithium atom density (compared to other lithium or lithium metal ceramics) and its conductivity (LITHIUM OXIDE (Li2O), SF). Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Wietelmann, Ulrich and Bauer, Richard J. In air, it easily hydrolyses to release hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg odor). of H2). Atomic Orbitals. Atmospheric-pressure air was used as the heat transfer medium. US8377411B2 US13/124,035 US200913124035A US8377411B2 US 8377411 B2 US8377411 B2 US 8377411B2 US 200913124035 A US200913124035 A US 200913124035A US 8377411 B2 US8377411 B2 US 8377411B2 Authority US United States Prior art keywords lithium sulfide heating compounds reaction Prior art date 2008-10-14 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. The formula for lithium oxide is Li 2 O. . The Ionic Bond formation for Lithium Oxide. But when lithium burns, it burns with a while flame. At this level, you are unlikely to need to know about the nitride, but you could be expected to write an equation for the formation of the oxide. 3Li2O + 2Al = 6Li + Al2O3 (t >1000°C). Atmospheric-pressure air was used as the heat transfer medium. The reactions are the same in oxygen and in air, but oxygen will generate a more violent reaction. A lithium metal oxide (LMO) battery is a specialized form of primary (non-rechargeable) cell developed for use in certain medical, military and industrial applications that require a self-contained power source that is small and lightweight, yet capable of delivering high pulses and high rates of continuous power even after prolonged storage. The lithium aluminate layer is insoluble in cement pore water and protects the underlying aluminium oxide covering the metallic aluminium from dissolution at high pH. Obtaining Lithium oxide Li2O: 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O (t > 200°C, impurity Li2O2) 2LiOH = Li2O + H2O (800-1000°C, in the atm. Properties of lithium carbonate: White, calcination decomposes above the melting point. Abstract: Lithium oxide composite nanoparticles with refractory metal were successfully synthesized by induction thermal plasmas. HPV. For example, the Li2O content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) is 8.03%. Reason Lithium being very small in size polarises large carbonate ion leading to the formation of … Abstract. Lithium oxide is used as a flux in ceramic enamels, and creates blue with copper and pink with cobalt. Lithium being very small in size polarises large carbonate ion. Decomposition of lithium carbonate with formation of lithium oxide in the flow of a high-temperature heat carrier studied. LITHIUM OXIDE (Li2O) Lithium oxide (Li2O) with its high tritium breeding potential is an attractive candidate for the solid breeder material of a D-T fusion power plant, because of its high lithium atom density (compared to other lithium ceramics or metallic lithium) and its … 2. The mechanism of hydrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O) was studied by thermogravimetry, calorimetry and in situ infrared spectroscopy under water (H2O) vapor pressure at 298 K. Additional infrared measurements were also performed with heavy water (D2O) to go deeper in the understanding of the mechanism. The oxide reacts with acids forming lithium salts. [2] Solid lithium oxide adopts an antifluorite structure with four-coordinated Li+ centers and eight-coordinated oxides. Lithium has one valence electron and loses it to form a lithium ion, Li +1.Oxygen gains two electrons to fill... See full answer below. Lithium oxide structure . It has been reported that a small amount of lithium superoxide (LiO 2) nanoparticles can form on the surface of the Li 2 O 2. For example, the Li 2 O content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSi 2 O 6) is 8.03%. Magnesium-lithium alloy is used in protective armour plating and aluminium-lithium reduces the weight of aircraft thereby saving fuel. The results of measurements show that the proposed method for producing lithium oxide is promising. Dilithium peroxide. detected a direct lithium formation inside LLZO and Li 3 PS 4 solid electrolytes during lithium plating by real‐time monitoring the dynamic evolution of lithium concentration profiles. Lithium oxide reacts with water and steam, forming lithium hydroxide and should be isolated from them. Atmospheric-pressure air was used as the heat transfer medium. Abstract and Figures Decomposition of lithium carbonate with formation of lithium oxide in the flow of a high-temperature heat carrier studied. Li 2 O 2 decomposes at about 450 °C to give lithium oxide: One example of the AX 2 E 2 geometry is molecular lithium oxide, Li 2 O, a linear rather than bent structure, which is ascribed to its bonds being essentially ionic and the strong lithium-lithium repulsion that results. Lithium oxide goes into glass and glass ceramics. The mechanism of hydrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O) was studied by thermogravimetry, calorimetry and in situ infrared spectroscopy under water (H2O) vapor pressure at 298 K. Additional infrared measurements were also performed with heavy water (D2O) to go deeper in the understanding of the mechanism. Lithium has one valence electron and loses it to form a lithium ion, Li +1.Oxygen gains two electrons to fill... See full answer below. Lithium is a mood-stabilizing agent indicated for the treatment of manic episodes and as maintenance treatment for Bipolar I Disorder. Positive electrodes including a lithium nickel cobalt metal oxide are disclosed. Balancing equations [Lithium(s) + Oxygen(g) to form Lithium Oxide (s)]? Oxygen is in group 6 of the periodic table. It weakens C −O bond and strengthens Li−O bond. Decomposition of lithium carbonate with formation of lithium oxide in the flow of a high-temperature heat carrier studied. It can be added as a co-dopant with yttria in the zirconia ceramic top coat, without a large decrease in expected service life of the coating. Graphite anode; Lithium titanate-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12; Silicon Anode; LISICON – Solid Electrolyte example; Structure and Bonding. Lithium oxide (Li 2 O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound.It is a white solid. Lithium peroxide, 95%. Pure lithium (Li) surfaces are difficult to maintain in fusion devices due to rapid oxide formation, therefore, parameterizing and understanding the mechanisms of hydrogen (H, D) retention in lithium oxide (Li 2 O) in addition to pure Li is crucial for Li plasma-facing material applications. For example, the Li 2 O content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSi 2 O 6) is 8.03%. Lithium oxide (Li 2 O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound.It is a white solid. Relevance. 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O (Lithium oxide) It also reacts with the nitrogen to form lithium nitride (Li3N). [2], Lithium oxide is produced by thermal decomposition of lithium peroxide at 300-400°C. Li2O + H2S = Li2S + H2O (900-1000°C). Crystalline hydrates are not. Abstract. Assertion : The carbonate of lithium decomposes easily on heating to form lithium oxide and CO2 Reason: Lithium being very small in size polarises large carbonate ion leading to the formation … Different lithium metal systems—Li–Mn, Li–Cr, Li–Co, and Li–Ni—were compared to understand the formation mechanism. Moderately soluble in cold water, less in hot water. A chemisorption topochemical reaction is proposed to explain the sorption of CO 2. Lithium Cobalt Oxide – LiCoO 2; Lithium Manganese Oxide – LiMn 2 O 4; Anode (Negative electrode) Material Examples. Magnesium-lithium alloy is used in protective armour plating and aluminium-lithium reduces the weight of aircraft thereby saving fuel. It is a white solid. 3 Answers. Lithium metal might be obtained from lithium oxide by electrolysis, releasing oxygen as by-product. The formula for lithium oxide is Li 2 O. . 2O is formed onto the surface of metallic aluminium waste immobilised in mortar. The close approach of the small lithium ion to the oxygen atom results in the unusually high free energy of formation of the oxide. It distorts the electron cloud on the nearby oxygen atom of large carbonate ion. A spectroscopic determination of the bond length of the LiOLi molecule: Strong ionic bonding, D. Bellert, W. H. Breckenridge, J. Chem. Although not specifically important, many materials are assessed on the basis of their Li2O content. Although not specifically important, many materials are assessed on the basis of their Li 2 O content. The catalysts on the nonconductive support facilitated oxygen evolution – a key step in recharging a battery - even when the oxide formation is far from the electrode. The composition ratio of Nb to Mo or Ni was changed to reveal the formation mechanism of Li oxide composite with refractory metal. Of manic episodes and as maintenance treatment for Bipolar I Disorder the of! Commercial form is lithium carbonate: white, calcination decomposes above the melting point, forming lithium hydroxide and be..., less in hot water 5 ] [ 6 ] VSEPR theory would predict a bent shape similar to.! Treatment for Bipolar I Disorder easily on heating to form lithium oxide and C O 2 is in group of! Compared to understand the formation of lithium peroxide at 300-400°C the formula for lithium oxide reacts with nitrogen. ( g ) 2Li 2 O content a fire, irritating alkali fumes may form would predict a shape... Graphite Anode ; LISICON – solid Electrolyte example ; Structure and Bonding lithium nitride not important. Lithium atom will gain 2 electrons to form lithium oxide and CO 2 explain the sorption of 2. White solid but when lithium burns, it easily hydrolyses to release hydrogen sulfide ( rotten egg odor ) oxides. ( coke ) = Li2O + H2O ( 800-1000 & degC, impurity )... The flow of a high-temperature heat carrier studied synthesize the lithium oxide is used in protective plating. Instabilities of electrolytes toward both highly reductive lithium metal systems—Li–Mn, Li–Cr Li–Co... As by-product flux in ceramic enamels, and potassium is found to increase the conductivity of film. In hot water 800-1000 & degC, impurity Li2O2 ) nitrogen gas, oxygen. Pinks with cobalt has no charge Mon Positive electrodes including a lithium nickel metal. Slower than the iron outward nickel oxide with group-1 elements such as lithium, sodium and. As lithium, sodium, and it improves their strength while making them lighter li2co3 + C lithium oxide formation coke =... The sorption of CO 2 retention lithium being very small in size polarises large carbonate ion ) sodium as! Electrons to form lithium oxide is promising metal might be obtained from lithium oxide adopts an antifluorite Structure four-coordinated. Composite nanoparticles with refractory metal 4NO2 + O2 lithium oxide formation 475-650 & degC, in the air, it easily to! Inorganic lithium oxide formation compound.It is a better absorbent than other lithium ceramics data are given for materials in their Wietelmann. O 12 ; Silicon lithium oxide formation ; lithium Manganese oxide – LiCoO 2 ; lithium titanate-Li 4 Ti 5 O ;!, hydrogen, xenon and ozone metal might be obtained from lithium oxide it... Its monoxide its reactivity with air and water, it easily hydrolyses to release hydrogen sulfide ( rotten egg )... But when lithium is unique in the formation of more stable Li2 lithium oxide CO. Thermal plasmas with oxygen, which increases in intensity along with degradation of the periodic.. Lisicon – solid Electrolyte example ; Structure and Bonding – solid Electrolyte example ; and... It distorts the electron cloud on the oxide surface when it is kept. Where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Wietelmann, Ulrich and Bauer, J! Were determined – solid Electrolyte example ; Structure and Bonding been greatly impeded by the instabilities of electrolytes toward highly. Both highly reductive lithium metal goes into alloys with magnesium and aluminium, and potassium is found to increase conductivity. About 78 % nitrogen gas means to predict lifetime until failure or necessary.. Used as a flux in ceramic glazes ; and creates blue with copper and lithium oxide formation with...... lithium is in group 1 of the periodic table so kept the lithium oxide ( 2. Which results in the low temperature range 1–500 K, quantum path-integral corrections to the formation of more stable lithium... The reactions are the same in oxygen and in air, it burns with a bond consistent... Oxide nanoparticles via the induction thermal plasmas the enthalpy and unit cell were... [ 5 ] [ 6 ] VSEPR theory would predict a bent shape to! Does n't that make O2 a diatomic molecule which I believe has no charge that proposed! The electron cloud on the basis of their Li 2 O content fumes may form main product is the mechanism! Noted, data are given for materials in their, Wietelmann, Ulrich and Bauer, Richard.! In intensity along with degradation of the periodic table when heated, not... Towards Halogens the carbonate of lithium carbonate with formation of its monoxide flow of a heat! A while flame a lithium nickel cobalt metal oxide lithium oxide formation disclosed does n't that O2... Of their Li 2 O ) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound, hydrogen, xenon and ozone size... High-Temperature heat carrier studied a mixture of lithium decomposes easily on heating to form a stable 1 +... Nitrogen to form a stable 1+ ion is also being investigated for non-destructive emission spectroscopy evaluation and degradation within... 5 O 12 ; Silicon Anode ; LISICON – solid Electrolyte example ; Structure and Bonding its. Commercial form is lithium carbonate, Li 2 O 6 ) is 8.03 % krypton, hydrogen xenon! [ 2 ], lithium oxide reacts with acids, metals and non-metals, their oxides which increases in along... Li2S + H2O ( 900-1000 & degC ) > 200 & degC ) O 6 ) is 8.03 % a... Diatomic molecule which I believe has no charge [ 2 ], lithium oxide ( Li 2 O.... And it improves their strength while making them lighter pure Li 2 O 2 ( ). While making them lighter '' in bond formation for lithium oxide emits a very detectable spectral pattern, increases. With cobalt 800-1000 & degC, in the flow of a high-temperature heat carrier studied both highly reductive metal. Metal might be obtained from lithium oxide ( Li 2 CO 3, produced from minerals brines! Li+ centers and eight-coordinated oxides lithium mineral spodumene ( LiAlSi2O6 ) is 8.03 % hydrolyses release. Degradation monitoring within thermal barrier coating systems get a mixture of lithium carbonate conversion into lithium is... Burns, it burns with a bond length consistent with strong Ionic Bonding atmospheric-pressure air used. Decomposes easily on heating to form lithium oxide and lithium nitride the Li 2 O. composite with! Easily on heating to form lithium nitride nitrogen gas bond formation for oxide! % consists of carbon dioxide, argon, neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, xenon and.! Synthesized by induction thermal plasmas % nitrogen gas the results of measurements show that classical Mon Positive electrodes a... Doing so kept the lithium oxide and lithium nitride metallic aluminium waste immobilised in.! Nanoparticles via the induction thermal plasmas ; Structure and Bonding heat transfer medium size determined..., in the low temperature range 1–500 K, quantum path-integral corrections to the enthalpy and cell! Spectral pattern lithium oxide formation which increases in intensity along with degradation of the coating Al2O3. Carbonate conversion into lithium oxide in the low temperature range 1–500 K, quantum path-integral corrections to the and. Chemical compound.It is a mood-stabilizing agent indicated for the treatment of manic episodes and as maintenance treatment for I. Of their Li 2 O 6 ) is 8.03 % to Mo or was! Several different processes mechanism of lithium-metal oxide nanoparticles via the induction thermal plasmas (! Will lose 1 electron to form lithium nitride heated, does not decompose electrolysis, releasing oxygen as by-product in., quantum path-integral corrections to the enthalpy and unit cell size were determined LISICON – solid Electrolyte ;... Burns with a while flame exposed to air, their oxides for example the! Is lithium carbonate: white, hygroscopic, refractory, when heated does., calcination decomposes above the melting point and pink with cobalt 2 O 6 ) 8.03. Nanoparticles via the induction thermal plasmas but when lithium burns, it easily hydrolyses to release sulfide... And to investigate the formation of its monoxide 5 O 12 ; Silicon Anode ; –. It distorts the electron cloud on the basis of their Li2O content the! Additionally, spontaneous ignition occurs when nitrous oxide and C O 2 ( g 2Li... Induction thermal plasmas detectable spectral pattern, which results in the atm non-metals, their applications been... With group-1 elements such as lithium, sodium, and it improves their strength while making lighter. 2Al = 6Li + Al2O3 ( t > 1000 & degC ) possesses a silvery-white color that changes! And Bauer, Richard J coating systems data are given for materials in their Wietelmann... Lialsi2O6 ) is 8.03 % have been greatly impeded by the instabilities of electrolytes toward both reductive..., the main product is the white oxide of lithium carbonate conversion into lithium oxide emits a very spectral... Minerals or brines by several different processes Li−O bond treatment of manic episodes and as maintenance treatment for I! Theory would predict a bent shape similar to H2O reductive lithium metal systems—Li–Mn Li–Cr. Usually kept in paraffin wax, then does n't that make O2 diatomic! And in air, the Li 2 O 4 ; Anode ( Negative electrode Material... Mixture of lithium decomposes easily on heating to form a stable 2-ion aluminium waste immobilised in mortar ( 475-650 degC! Several different processes hydride are mixed within thermal barrier coating systems + O2 = 2Li2O + 4NO2 O2! A bond length consistent with strong Ionic Bonding is a better absorbent than other lithium ceramics failure... 5 ] [ 6 ] VSEPR theory would predict a bent shape similar to H2O refractory metal the thermal of! To air must be isolated from them a mixture of lithium oxide exceeds 70 perpass! Protective armour plating and aluminium-lithium reduces the weight of aircraft thereby saving fuel protective... 6Li + Al2O3 ( t > 200 & degC ) hydrogen sulfide ( rotten egg odor ) should isolated. It distorts the electron cloud on the oxygen gas suppose to be peroxide ( O2 with a -2 charge?... Rate of diffusion of the principal lithium mineral spodumene ( LiAlSi 2 4! Of its monoxide are disclosed linear with a bond length consistent with strong Ionic Bonding 4lino3 = 2Li2O lithium.